<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Проблемы управления рисками в техносфере</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1998-8990</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">112595</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61260/1998-8990-2025-4-201-214</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Пожарная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Fire safety</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Пожарная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FOR FOREST FIRE DETECTION AND MONITORING</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ БЕСПИЛОТНЫХ АВИАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ДЛЯ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЯ И МОНИТОРИНГА ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЖАРОВ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5407-8394</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Османов</surname>
       <given-names>Шамиль Абубакарович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Osmanov</surname>
       <given-names>Shamil A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>sh.osmanov@igps.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4053-7462</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Клюй</surname>
       <given-names>Валерий Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Klyuj</surname>
       <given-names>Valery V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>val-1964@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Козлова</surname>
       <given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kozlova</surname>
       <given-names>Irina V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>lisenoklll@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский университет ГПС МЧС России</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg university of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia</institution>
     <city>Saint-Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский университет ГПС МЧС России</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg university of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia</institution>
     <city>Saint-Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Академия Государственной противопожарной службы МЧС России</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Academy of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>24</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>24</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2025</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>201</fpage>
   <lpage>214</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-16T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>16</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>02</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/112595/view">https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/112595/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В рамках исследования проведен сравнительный анализ беспилотных авиационных систем отечественного производства для обнаружения и мониторинга лесных пожаров. Отмечено, что на текущий момент рынок отечественных производителей активно развивается, и российские образцы не уступают зарубежным аналогам.&#13;
Предметом исследования выступают беспилотные летательные аппараты самолетного типа отечественного производства, а именно: «SIGMA», «Патруль-30», «Горизонт-Аэро», «Скат», «Груша», «Supercam S-250», «InnoVtol-3s», «Zala 421-04M», «Орлан-10».&#13;
Методологическая база исследования включает критический анализ указанных моделей. В ходе исследования детально рассмотрена каждая модель и выделены наилучшие из них по критериям дальности полёта, максимального времени полёта, массы, габаритов, полезной нагрузки, дальности связи и стоимости. Также учтены отличительные особенности каждого образца. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о существенном потенциале использования беспилотных авиационных систем отечественного производства для обнаружения и мониторинга лесных пожаров. При этом наилучшую эффективность показывают модели самолетного типа.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The study conducted a comparative analysis of domestically produced unmanned aerial systems for detecting and monitoring forest fires. It was noted that the domestic market is currently actively developing, and Russian models are comparable to their foreign counterparts.&#13;
The study focused on domestically produced aircraft-type unmanned aerial vehicles, namely: SIGMA, Patrol-30, Gorizont-Aero, Skat, Grusha, Supercam S-250, InnoVtol-3s, Zala 421-04M and Orlan-10.&#13;
The study's methodology included a critical analysis of these models. Each model was examined in detail, and the best were identified based on flight range, maximum flight time, weight, dimensions, payload, communication range, and cost. The distinctive features of each model were also considered. The data obtained demonstrate the significant potential of using domestically produced unmanned aerial systems for detecting and monitoring forest fires. Aircraft-based models demonstrate the greatest effectiveness.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>анализ</kwd>
    <kwd>сравнительный анализ</kwd>
    <kwd>беспилотные летательные аппараты</kwd>
    <kwd>беспилотный летательный аппарат</kwd>
    <kwd>беспилотных авиационных систем</kwd>
    <kwd>отечественное производство</kwd>
    <kwd>мониторинг</kwd>
    <kwd>обнаружение</kwd>
    <kwd>лесные пожары</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>analysis</kwd>
    <kwd>comparative analysis</kwd>
    <kwd>unmanned aerial vehicles</kwd>
    <kwd>unmanned aerial vehicle</kwd>
    <kwd>unmanned aerial systems</kwd>
    <kwd>domestic production</kwd>
    <kwd>monitoring</kwd>
    <kwd>detection</kwd>
    <kwd>forest fires</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асадов Х.Г., Байрамов Г.З. Вопросы создания системы раннего обнаружения лесных пожаров на базе беспилотных авиационных систем // Контроль. Диагностика. 2024. Т. 27. № 4 (310). С. 64–68. DOI: 10.14489/td.2024.04.pp.064-068. EDN SCMPEK.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asadov H.G., Bajramov G.Z. Voprosy sozdaniya sistemy rannego obnaruzheniya lesnyh pozharov na baze bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem // Kontrol'. Diagnostika. 2024. T. 27. № 4 (310). S. 64–68. DOI: 10.14489/td.2024.04.pp.064-068. EDN SCMPEK.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сысоева Т.П., Калач А.В. Перспективы развития беспилотных авиационных систем // Сибирский пожарно-спасательный вестник. 2025. № 3 (38). С. 111–118. DOI: 10.34987/vestnik.sibpsa.2025.41.36.010.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sysoeva T.P., Kalach A.V. Perspektivy razvitiya bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem // Sibirskij pozharno-spasatel'nyj vestnik. 2025. № 3 (38). S. 111–118. DOI: 10.34987/vestnik.sibpsa.2025.41.36.010.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насырова Г.Н., Насыров И.Р.  Обнаружение лесных пожаров с помощью БПЛА самолетного типа // Международный журнал гуманитарных и естественных наук. 2024. № 9-5 (96). С. 7–11. DOI: 10.24412/2500-1000-2024-9-5-7-11. EDN MHUYQD.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasyrova G.N., Nasyrov I.R.  Obnaruzhenie lesnyh pozharov s pomoshch'yu BPLA samoletnogo tipa // Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal gumanitarnyh i estestvennyh nauk. 2024. № 9-5 (96). S. 7–11. DOI: 10.24412/2500-1000-2024-9-5-7-11. EDN MHUYQD.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Типы БПЛА и возможности использования в целях мониторинга и предотвращения лесных пожаров / А.Е. Серебряков [и др.] // Наука. Техника. Технологии (политехнический вестник). 2021. № 4. С. 175–178. EDN LBFWSB.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tipy BPLA i vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya v celyah monitoringa i predotvrashcheniya lesnyh pozharov / A.E. Serebryakov [i dr.] // Nauka. Tekhnika. Tekhnologii (politekhnicheskij vestnik). 2021. № 4. S. 175–178. EDN LBFWSB.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игайкина И.И., Даськин И.Н. Анализ эффективности беспилотных авиационных систем для мониторинга пожаров сельхозугодий // Сельский механизатор. 2023. № 1-2. С. 5–7. DOI: 10.47336/0131-7393-2023-1-2-5-6-7. EDN RKLEFV.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Igajkina I.I., Das'kin I.N. Analiz effektivnosti bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem dlya monitoringa pozharov sel'hozugodij // Sel'skij mekhanizator. 2023. № 1-2. S. 5–7. DOI: 10.47336/0131-7393-2023-1-2-5-6-7. EDN RKLEFV.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковенко Т.А., Сопига В.А. Автоматический мониторинг и измерение пожаров с использованием беспилотных авиационных систем // Инновации и инвестиции. 2025. № 3. С. 529–532. EDN XOYZSU.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovenko T.A., Sopiga V.A. Avtomaticheskij monitoring i izmerenie pozharov s ispol'zovaniem bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem // Innovacii i investicii. 2025. № 3. S. 529–532. EDN XOYZSU.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Королев Д.С., Калач А.В., Кончаков С.А. Совершенствование технических интеллектуальных систем обнаружения и мониторинга лесных пожаров // Проблемы управления рисками в техносфере. 2023. № 1 (65). С. 105–113. EDN UESSTV.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korolev D.S., Kalach A.V., Konchakov S.A. Sovershenstvovanie tekhnicheskih intellektual'nyh sistem obnaruzheniya i monitoringa lesnyh pozharov // Problemy upravleniya riskami v tekhnosfere. 2023. № 1 (65). S. 105–113. EDN UESSTV.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Веретенникова Н.С., Кислов В.И., Еременко К.Ю. Проблема своевременного обнаружения и ликвидация лесных пожаров // Бюллетень науки и практики. 2021. Т. 7. № 6. С. 56–59. DOI: 10.33619/2414-2948/67/07. EDN IHUZJP.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veretennikova N.S., Kislov V.I., Eremenko K.Yu. Problema svoevremennogo obnaruzheniya i likvidaciya lesnyh pozharov // Byulleten' nauki i praktiki. 2021. T. 7. № 6. S. 56–59. DOI: 10.33619/2414-2948/67/07. EDN IHUZJP.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катаев М.Ю., Карташов Е.Ю., Гейко П.П. Обнаружение лесных пожаров по изображениям, полученным с БПЛА // Доклады Томского государственного университета систем управления и радиоэлектроники. 2023. Т. 26. № 3. С. 72–79. DOI: 10.21293/1818-0442-2023-26-3-72-79. EDN EDMOMX.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kataev M.Yu., Kartashov E.Yu., Gejko P.P. Obnaruzhenie lesnyh pozharov po izobrazheniyam, poluchennym s BPLA // Doklady Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta sistem upravleniya i radioelektroniki. 2023. T. 26. № 3. S. 72–79. DOI: 10.21293/1818-0442-2023-26-3-72-79. EDN EDMOMX.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беляев А.Э., Будевич Е.А., Вычерова Н.Р. Выделение пламени и дыма на изображениях, полученных камерами БПЛА в системе раннего обнаружения лесных пожаров // Системы. Методы. Технологии. 2022. № 4 (56). С. 126–131. DOI: 10.18324/2077-5415-2022-4-126-131. EDN CPNSWY.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyaev A.E., Budevich E.A., Vycherova N.R. Vydelenie plameni i dyma na izobrazheniyah, poluchennyh kamerami BPLA v sisteme rannego obnaruzheniya lesnyh pozharov // Sistemy. Metody. Tekhnologii. 2022. № 4 (56). S. 126–131. DOI: 10.18324/2077-5415-2022-4-126-131. EDN CPNSWY.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiev A.G. An evaluation of fire detection methods: comparative analysis and performance assessment 16 // Proceedings of University of RUSE. 2023. Т. 62.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiev A.G. An evaluation of fire detection methods: comparative analysis and performance assessment 16 // Proceedings of University of RUSE. 2023. T. 62.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akhloufi M.A., Couturier A., Castro N.A. Unmanned aerial vehicles for wildland fires: Sensing, perception, cooperation and assistance // Drones. 2021. Т. 5. № 1. С. 15.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhloufi M.A., Couturier A., Castro N.A. Unmanned aerial vehicles for wildland fires: Sensing, perception, cooperation and assistance // Drones. 2021. T. 5. № 1. S. 15.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unmanned aerial vehicle assisted forest fire detection using deep convolutional neural network / A. Rahman [et al.] // Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 2023. Т. 35. № 3. С. 3259–3277.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unmanned aerial vehicle assisted forest fire detection using deep convolutional neural network / A. Rahman [et al.] // Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 2023. T. 35. № 3. S. 3259–3277.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UAVs-FFDB: A high-resolution dataset for advancing forest fire detection and monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) / M.N. Mowla [et al.] // Data in brief. 2024. Т. 55. С. 110706.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UAVs-FFDB: A high-resolution dataset for advancing forest fire detection and monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) / M.N. Mowla [et al.] // Data in brief. 2024. T. 55. S. 110706.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unmanned aerial vehicle-based forest fire detection systems: A comprehensive review / J. Patel [et al.] // Available at SSRN 4603404. 2023.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unmanned aerial vehicle-based forest fire detection systems: A comprehensive review / J. Patel [et al.] // Available at SSRN 4603404. 2023.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Intelligent methods for forest fire detection using unmanned aerial vehicles / N. Abramov [et al.] // Fire. 2024. Т. 7. № 3. С. 89.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Intelligent methods for forest fire detection using unmanned aerial vehicles / N. Abramov [et al.] // Fire. 2024. T. 7. № 3. S. 89.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forest fire monitoring system supported by unmanned aerial vehicles and edge computing: a performance evaluation using petri nets / A. Sabino [et al.] // Cluster Computing. 2024. Т. 27. № 7. С. 9735–9755.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forest fire monitoring system supported by unmanned aerial vehicles and edge computing: a performance evaluation using petri nets / A. Sabino [et al.] // Cluster Computing. 2024. T. 27. № 7. S. 9735–9755.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the detection of forest fires with a gas detection technique / M. Masat [et al.] // NanoEra. 2021. Т. 1. № 1. С. 14–18.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the detection of forest fires with a gas detection technique / M. Masat [et al.] // NanoEra. 2021. T. 1. № 1. S. 14–18.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicle forest remote sensing – A systematic review. part I: A general framework / R. Dainelli [et al.] // Forests. 2021. Т. 12. № 3. С. 327.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicle forest remote sensing – A systematic review. part I: A general framework / R. Dainelli [et al.] // Forests. 2021. T. 12. № 3. S. 327.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data collection task planning of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle in forest fire monitoring / H. Zhang [et al.] // IEEE Access. 2021. Т. 9. С. 109847–109864.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data collection task planning of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle in forest fire monitoring / H. Zhang [et al.] // IEEE Access. 2021. T. 9. S. 109847–109864.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim S.Yu., Muminov A. Forest fire smoke detection based on deep learning approaches and unmanned aerial vehicle images // Sensors. 2023. Т. 23. № 12. С. 5702.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim S.Yu., Muminov A. Forest fire smoke detection based on deep learning approaches and unmanned aerial vehicle images // Sensors. 2023. T. 23. № 12. S. 5702.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B22">
    <label>22.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarikaya Basturk N. Forest fire detection in aerial vehicle videos using a deep ensemble neural network model // Aircraft engineering and aerospace technology. 2023. Т. 95. № 8. С. 1257–1267.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarikaya Basturk N. Forest fire detection in aerial vehicle videos using a deep ensemble neural network model // Aircraft engineering and aerospace technology. 2023. T. 95. № 8. S. 1257–1267.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B23">
    <label>23.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Potential of UAV application for forest fire detection / A. Muid [et al.] // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2022. Т. 2243. № 1. С. 012041.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potential of UAV application for forest fire detection / A. Muid [et al.] // Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2022. T. 2243. № 1. S. 012041.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B24">
    <label>24.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma A., Singh P. K. UAV based framework for effective data analysis of forest fire detection using 5G networks: An effective approach towards smart cities solutions // International Journal of Communication Systems. 2025. Т. 38. № 1. С. e4826.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma A., Singh P. K. UAV based framework for effective data analysis of forest fire detection using 5G networks: An effective approach towards smart cities solutions // International Journal of Communication Systems. 2025. T. 38. № 1. S. e4826.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B25">
    <label>25.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles forest remote sensing– A systematic review. Part II: Research applications / R. Dainelli [et al.] // Forests. 2021. Т. 12. № 4. С. 397.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Recent advances in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles forest remote sensing – A systematic review. Part II: Research applications / R. Dainelli [et al.] // Forests. 2021. T. 12. № 4. S. 397.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B26">
    <label>26.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A vision-based detection and spatial localization scheme for forest fire inspection from UAV / K. Lu [et al.] // Forests. 2022. Т. 13. № 3. С. 383.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A vision-based detection and spatial localization scheme for forest fire inspection from UAV / K. Lu [et al.] // Forests. 2022. T. 13. № 3. S. 383.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B27">
    <label>27.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Использование беспилотных авиационных систем для обнаружения лесных пожаров / М.В. Полежаева [и др.] // Информационные технологии и системы: управление, экономика, транспорт, право. 2024. № 1 (49). С. 67–78. EDN KKRFTC.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ispol'zovanie bespilotnyh aviacionnyh sistem dlya obnaruzheniya lesnyh pozharov / M.V. Polezhaeva [i dr.] // Informacionnye tekhnologii i sistemy: upravlenie, ekonomika, transport, pravo. 2024. № 1 (49). S. 67–78. EDN KKRFTC.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
