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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Проблемы управления рисками в техносфере</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1998-8990</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">99543</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61260/1998-8990-2025-3-111-121</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Пожарная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Fire safety</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Пожарная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">THE SECOND PHASE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING FLASH POINT. PART 1</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>II ЭТАП РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ МЕТОДОВ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ВСПЫШКИ. Ч. I</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-5078</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Алексеев</surname>
       <given-names>Сергей Геннадьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Alexeev</surname>
       <given-names>Sergey G.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>3608113@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат химических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of chemical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-инженерный центр «Надежность и ресурс больших систем и машин» Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution>
     <city>Екатеринбург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and engineering center «Reliability and safety of large systems and machines» of Ural branch of Russian academy of sciences</institution>
     <city>Yekaterinburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>21</day>
    <month>10</month>
    <year>2025</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2025</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>111</fpage>
   <lpage>121</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-05T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>05</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-17T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>17</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/99543/view">https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/99543/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>II этап развития экспериментальных методов определения температуры вспышки и воспламенения охватывает период от 20-х до 80-х гг. XX столетия. В начале прошлого столетия уже выбраны и легализованы наиболее совершенные аппараты и методики Абеля, Абель-Пенского, Пенски-Мартенса Гранье, Люшера, Тага, Кливленда, Бренкина, Маркуссона и Треуманна для определения температуры вспышки, но при этом старые нафтометры неофициально использовались до 30-х гг. XX в. На II этапе появляются и совершенствуются национальные стандарты по методам определения температуры вспышки&#13;
и воспламенения. Эволюционным путем все многообразие приборов для определения температуры вспышки и воспламенения (открытые, полузакрытые и закрытые тигли; открытые, полузакрытые и закрытые паровые аппараты; перегонные приборы) сводятся к двум типам: открытый и закрытый тигли, но при этом появляются новые методы (равновесный, сета-флэш&#13;
и непрерывно-проточный) и различные конструкции ручных, полуавтоматических и автоматических приборов. Накопленный багаж экспериментальных данных по температуре вспышки веществ и материалам материализуется в справочной литературе, Ш используется при обеспечении пожарной безопасности. В 60–70-е гг. XX столетия проводится граница между температурой вспышкой и нижним температурным пределом воспламенения (распространения пламени). Рассмотрены приборы полузакрытого типа.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The second stage of development of experimental methods for determination of flash and fire point covers the period from the 1920s to the 1980s. At the beginning of the last century, the most advanced devices and techniques for determining the flash point were already selected and legalized. There are the Abel, Abel-Pensky, Pensky-Martens Granier, Lushaire, Tag, Cleveland, Brenken, Marcusson and Treumann apparatuses. However, old naphtometers are used unofficially until the 30s of the 20th century. National standards on methods of determination of flash and fire temperature are emerging and being improved in phase II. By evolution, all the variety of instruments for determining the rate of flash and ignition (open, semi-closed and closed, open, semi-closed and closed steam apparatus, distillation testers) are reduced to two types of open and closed cups. But new methods (equilibrium, set-flash and continuous flow) and various designs of manual, semi-automatic and automatic instruments are emerging.&#13;
The accumulated stock of experimental data for flash and fire point of liquids is reflected in the handbooks, which are used for fire safety. In the 60s–70s of the 20th century, a boundary is established between the flash point and the lower temperature flammability limit (lower flash point). Semi-closed type devices are considered.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>температура вспышки</kwd>
    <kwd>температура воспламенения</kwd>
    <kwd>прибор</kwd>
    <kwd>аппарат</kwd>
    <kwd>тестер</kwd>
    <kwd>нафтометр</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>flash point</kwd>
    <kwd>fire point</kwd>
    <kwd>device</kwd>
    <kwd>apparatus</kwd>
    <kwd>tester</kwd>
    <kwd>naphtometer</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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