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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Scientific and analytical journal «Vestnik Saint-Petersburg university of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia»</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Scientific and analytical journal «Vestnik Saint-Petersburg university of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia»</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Научно-аналитический журнал &quot;Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета ГПС МЧС России&quot;</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2218-130X</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">128593</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61260/2218-130Х-2026-2-92-103</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>INFORMATICS, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND CONTROL</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТЕХНИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">PRESENCE FUNCTION AS A MECHANISM FOR CORRECT  HANDLING OF MISSING VALUES IN FUZZY DATA MINING</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>ФУНКЦИЯ ПРИСУТСТВИЯ КАК МЕХАНИЗМ КОРРЕКТНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПРОПУЩЕННЫХ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ В НЕЧЁТКОМ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОМ АНАЛИЗЕ ДАННЫХ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8788-4256</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Максимова</surname>
       <given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Maksimova</surname>
       <given-names>Elena A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>maksimova@mirea.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-7493</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Утешева</surname>
       <given-names>Гульнара Шаукатовна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Utesheva</surname>
       <given-names>Gulnara Sh.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3313-2731</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Громов</surname>
       <given-names>Юрий Юрьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Gromov</surname>
       <given-names>Yuriy Yu.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>gromovtambov@yandex.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3628-6980</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Карасев</surname>
       <given-names>Павел Игоревич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Karasev</surname>
       <given-names>Pavel I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>karasevpav@rambler.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Стародубов</surname>
       <given-names>Константин Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Starodubov</surname>
       <given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">МИРЭА-Российский технологический университет</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">MIREA - Russian Technological University</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский технический университет связи и информатики</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow technical university of communications and informatics</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Западно-Казахстанский инновационного-технологический университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">West Kazakhstan university of innovation and technology</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Тамбовский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Тамбов</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Tambov state technical university</institution>
     <city>Tambov</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Российский технологический университет МИРЭА</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian technological university MIREA</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">National research university higher school of economics</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-01T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>01</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2026</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>92</fpage>
   <lpage>103</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-25T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>25</day>
     <month>05</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-29T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>29</day>
     <month>06</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/128593/view">https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/128593/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Когда данные неполны, стандартные методы нечёткого интеллектуального анализа оказываются в ситуации, которую трудно назвать приемлемой: удаление объектов с пропусками теряет до трети выборки и вносит систематическое смещение при MAR-механизме, а импутирование средним разрушает ковариационную структуру и порождает правила с искусственно завышенной поддержкой. В работе предлагается иной выход – функция присутствия φ: U × A → [0, 1], встраивающая обработку пропусков прямо в формулу нечёткой поддержки. Объект с пропущенным атрибутом не выбрасывается и не «лечится»: он участвует в анализе с пониженным весом φ₀, а всё остальное делает t-норма. Доказан ряд теоретических свойств: антимонотонность поддержки для произвольной t-нормы, устойчивость к атрибутивному шуму через константу Липшица, инвариантность к монотонным масштабным преобразованиям, предельные случаи φ₀ → 0 и φ₀ → 1/kₐ. При MCAR-пропусках 30 % и значении φ₀ = 0,3 доля восстановленных закономерностей оказывается на 21–38 п.п. выше, чем при listwise deletion. Предложены три стратегии построения нечётких разбиений: равномерная, квантильная и оптимизационная. Детально исследована зависимость качества извлекаемых закономерностей от параметра φ₀ при различных механизмах пропусков. Экспериментальное сравнение на синтетических данных подтвердило, что φ₀ = 0,3 при MCAR-пропусках обеспечивает на 21–38 п.п. более высокую долю восстановленных закономерностей, чем стратегия listwise deletion, при уровне пропусков 30 %.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>When data are incomplete, standard fuzzy data mining methods face an unacceptable trade-off: deleting objects with missing values loses up to a third of the sample and introduces systematic bias under the MAR mechanism, while mean imputation destroys the covariance structure and produces rules with artificially inflated support. This paper proposes a different solution – a presence function φ: U × A → [0, 1] that embeds the handling of missing values directly into the fuzzy support formula. An object with a missing attribute is neither discarded nor «repaired»: it participates in the analysis with a reduced weight φ₀, and the rest is handled by the t-norm. A number of theoretical properties are proved: anti-monotonicity of support for an arbitrary t-norm, robustness to attribute noise via the Lipschitz constant, invariance to monotone scale transformations, and the limiting cases φ₀ → 0 and φ₀ → 1/kₐ. Under 30 % MCAR missingness with φ₀ = 0,3, the share of recovered patterns is 21–38 percentage points higher than with listwise deletion. Three strategies for constructing fuzzy partitions are proposed: uniform, quantile-based and optimization-based. The dependence of the quality of extracted patterns on the parameter φ₀ under different missingness mechanisms is studied in detail. An experimental comparison on synthetic data confirmed that φ₀ = 0,3 under MCAR missingness provides a 21–38 percentage point higher share of recovered patterns than listwise deletion at a 30 % missingness level.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>функция присутствия</kwd>
    <kwd>неполные данные</kwd>
    <kwd>нечёткий интеллектуальный анализ данных</kwd>
    <kwd>нечёткая информационная система</kwd>
    <kwd>механизмы пропусков MCAR/MAR/MNAR</kwd>
    <kwd>нечёткие разбиения</kwd>
    <kwd>антимонотонность нечёткой поддержки</kwd>
    <kwd>t-норма</kwd>
    <kwd>импутирование</kwd>
    <kwd>listwise deletion</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>presence function</kwd>
    <kwd>incomplete data</kwd>
    <kwd>fuzzy data mining</kwd>
    <kwd>fuzzy information system</kwd>
    <kwd>MCAR/MAR/MNAR missingness mechanisms</kwd>
    <kwd>fuzzy partitions</kwd>
    <kwd>anti-monotonicity of fuzzy support</kwd>
    <kwd>t-norm</kwd>
    <kwd>imputation</kwd>
    <kwd>listwise deletion</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
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