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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Problems of risk management in the technosphere</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Проблемы управления рисками в техносфере</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1998-8990</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">131633</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61260/1998-8990-2026-2-186-197</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Экологическая безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Environmental safety</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Экологическая безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">ALTERNATIVE REFUSE DERIVED FUELS: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND APPLICATION PROSPECTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЕ ТОПЛИВО: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Травин</surname>
       <given-names>Игорь Александрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Travin</surname>
       <given-names>Igor A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Козодаев</surname>
       <given-names>Алексей Станиславович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kozodaev</surname>
       <given-names>Alexey S.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Кондратьева</surname>
       <given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kondrat'eva</surname>
       <given-names>Mariya Vladimirovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>tmv@bmstu.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow state technical university</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bauman Moscow state technical university</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный технический университет имени Н. Э. Баумана</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Bauman School</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>RU</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>06</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>06</day>
    <month>07</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>2026</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>186</fpage>
   <lpage>197</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-18T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>18</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-23T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>23</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/131633/view">https://journals.igps.ru/en/nauka/article/131633/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Рассматривается актуальная проблема вовлечения твердых коммунальных отходов в энергетический баланс через производство альтернативного топлива (RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel). Проанализирован зарубежный опыт промышленного применения RDF, в первую очередь в цементной индустрии, как наиболее технологически подготовленной для его использования. Описаны технология производства RDF, критерии качества и классификации, а также экологические и технические требования к его сжиганию. Также приведен опыт развития производства RDF зарубежом. Показано, что для стран с низким качеством исходного сырья и высокими требованиями к стабильности производства (включая Россию) газификация RDF с подачей синтез-газа в кальцинатор является более перспективной стратегией, чем попытки адаптировать печи под прямое сжигание низкосортного топлива. Особое внимание уделено анализу факторов, влияющих на развитие отрасли RDF в России с учетом текущей структуры топливно-энергетического комплекса, состояния системы обращения с отходами и нормативно-правовой базы. На основании проведенного анализа предложены решения, необходимые для устойчивого внедрения RDF в российской экономике в соответствии с принципами наилучших доступных технологий и экологической безопасности.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article discusses the current problem of involving municipal solid waste in the energy balance through the production of alternative fuel (RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel). It analyzes the foreign experience of industrial application of RDF, primarily in the cement industry, as the most technologically prepared for its use. The article describes the technology of RDF production, quality and classification criteria, as well as environmental and technical requirements for its combustion. It also provides an overview of the development of RDF production abroad. It is shown that for countries with low-quality raw materials and high requirements for production stability (including Russia), RDF gasification with the supply of synthesis gas to the calcinator is a more promising strategy than attempts to adapt furnaces for direct combustion of low-grade fuel. Special attention is paid to the analysis of factors affecting the development of the RDF industry in Russia, taking into account the current structure of the fuel and energy complex and the state of the recycling system.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>RDF-топливо</kwd>
    <kwd>твердые коммунальные отходы</kwd>
    <kwd>энергия из отходов</kwd>
    <kwd>замещающее топливо</kwd>
    <kwd>цементная промышленность</kwd>
    <kwd>совместная переработка (co-processing)</kwd>
    <kwd>обращение с отходами</kwd>
    <kwd>экологические требования</kwd>
    <kwd>экономика замкнутого цикла</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>RDF-fuel</kwd>
    <kwd>municipal solid waste</kwd>
    <kwd>energy from waste</kwd>
    <kwd>replacement fuel</kwd>
    <kwd>cement industry</kwd>
    <kwd>co-processing</kwd>
    <kwd>waste management</kwd>
    <kwd>environmental requirements</kwd>
    <kwd>closed-loop economics</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
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