UDC 342.9

EVOLUTION OF STATE CONTROL AND CORRUPTION PREVENTION MEASURES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF THE STATE APPARATUS (MID‑19TH CENTURY – EARLY 20TH CENTURY) EVOLUTION OF STATE CONTROL AND CORRUPTION PREVENTION MEASURES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF THE STATE APPARATUS (MID‑19th CENTURY – EARLY 20th CENTURY)

Published in LAW. SAFETY. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS · Issue 3, 2026 · Pages 70–78 · Rubric: THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LEGAL SCIENCES
DOI: https://doi.org/10.61260/2074-1626-2026-3-70-78
Received: 04.08.2026 Accepted: 30.09.2026 Published: 05.10.2026
The institution of state control in the Russian Empire has often been overshadowed by political history studies, despite its direct impact on the viability of the autocratic apparatus. This research focuses on the imperial government's search for a balance between punitive measures and preventive oversight of the civil service from the mid-19th to the early 20th century. Starting with the Penal Code of 1845, the study traces how the state attempted to eradicate systemic bribe-taking and embezzlement, gradually shifting from harsh but largely ineffective reprisals to the creation of a complex network of financial and administrative audits. Particular attention is given to the 1892 State Control reform and the specifics of departmental supervision, illustrated by the fight against official crimes in the customs service. The methodological framework combines historical-legal and institutional approaches. The paper argues that despite the institutional complication of control functions, the preservation of the corporate isolation of the bureaucracy and the lack of independent public oversight left corruption prevention highly vulnerable.
Russian Empire, state apparatus, corruption, bribe-taking, State Control, Penal Code of 1845, administrative oversight, civil service, crime prevention, customs service
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