Russian Federation
The purpose of this study is to develop a scientifically based methodology for equipping ships with dry powder fire extinguishers, taking into account the heat release rate during a fire, the extinguisher delivery time, and its heat absorption capacity. The work employs a comprehensive approach including the analysis of current regulations, full-scale experiments to determine the speed of people carrying fire extinguishers of various sizes, simulation modeling in Pathfinder software to calculate delivery time, numerical fire dynamics modeling in the PyroSim software package to determine the heat release rate in ship compartments considering actual fire loads, as well as analytical calculation of the heat absorption capacity of fire extinguishers using standard methods. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the transition from a static regulatory approach (based solely on room area and functional purpose) to a dynamic physico-mathematical model that considers the actual fire load, ergonomic characteristics of a person carrying an extinguisher, and the thermophysical parameters of extinguishing agents. Implementation of the proposed methodology increases the probability of successful fire suppression at an early stage by the crew, allows reasonable optimization of the placement of primary fire extinguishing equipment, and reduces risks to human life and the environment.
fire extinguisher delivery speed, evacuation simulation, crowd dynamics with encumbrance, methodology for equipping ships with fire extinguishers, heat release rate, heat absorption capacity
1. Kozhevin D.F., Estekhin V.G. Ocenka effektivnosti primeneniya ognetushitelej na vodnom transporte // Problemy upravleniya riskami v tekhnosfere. 2022. № 4 (64). S. 8–20. EDN HGIURY.
2. Analiz normativnyh trebovanij k ognetushitelyam, razmeshchaemym na sudah / D.F. Kozhevin [i dr.] // Morskie intellektual'nye tekhnologii. 2023. № 3-1 (61). S. 170–178.
3. Mezhdunarodnaya Konvenciya po ohrane chelovecheskoj zhizni na more 1974 goda SOLAS 74. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/901765675 (data obrashcheniya: 10.02.2026).
4. Rossijskij Morskoj Registr Sudohodstva «Pravila klassifikacii i postrojki morskih sudov, chast' VI Protivopozharnaya zashchita». URL: https://rfclass.ru (data obrashcheniya: 10.02.2026).
5. Rossijskoe Klassifikacionnoe Obshchestvo «Pravila klassifikacii i postrojki sudov, chast' III Protivopozharnaya zashchita». URL: https://rfclass.ru (data obrashcheniya: 10.02.2026).
6. Kozhevin D.F. Koncepciya perspektivnogo razvitiya pervichnyh sredstv poroshkovogo pozharotusheniya // Bezopasnost' zhiznedeyatel'nosti. 2022. № 7 (259). S. 44–50. EDN ZDKCDW.
7. Abduragimov I.M. O mekhanizmah ognetushashchego dejstviya sredstv pozharotusheniya // Pozharovzryvobezopasnost'. 2012. T. 21. № 4. S. 60–82. EDN OZZUSH.
8. Kozhevin D.F. Obosnovanie mekhanizma ognetushashchego dejstviya poroshka na osnovanii analiza ego frakcionnogo sostava v nestacionarnom gazoporoshkovom potoke // Problemy upravleniya riskami v tekhnosfere. 2025. № 1 (73). S. 175–189. DOI:https://doi.org/10.61260/1998-8990-2025-1-175-189
9. Kozhevin D.F., Estekhin V.G. Opredelenie parametrov dvizheniya lyudej pri dostavke ognetushitelej k ochagu pozhara na ob"ektah vodnogo transporta // Pozharnaya bezopasnost'. 2025. № 1 (118). S. 39–49. EDN DZESQM. DOI:https://doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2025.118.1.003
10. Estekhin V.G. Vliyanie sposoba transportirovki na skorost' dostavki ognetushitelej k mestu pozhara na sudah // Sovremennye problemy grazhdanskoj zashchity. 2025. № 1 (54). S. 35–45.
11. Kozhevin D. F., Estekhin V. G. Modelirovanie dvizheniya lyudej s otyagoshcheniem v vide ognetushitelya na ob"ektah transportnoj infrastruktury // Pozhary i chrezvychajnye situacii: preduprezhdenie, likvidaciya. 2025. № 3. S. 48–57. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.25257/FE.2025.3.48-57
12. The Mathematical Model Based on the Parameters of Simulation Results Predicts the Fire Extinguishing Resource Demand of Naval Fires / Guo Jingjing [et al.] // Journal of Applied Sciences, Appl. Sci. 2024. № 14 (21). DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/app142110038
13. Yuechao Zhao, Dihao Ai Numerical Simulation Study on the Response of Ship Engine Room Structure Under Fire Based on Thermo-Mechanical Coupling Model // Fire. 2024. № 7 (12). P. 480. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120480
14. Ioanna A. Koromila, Kostas J. Spyrou Design Fire Methodology for Vehicle Spaces Onboard Ships // Journal Fire Technology. 2023. № 59. P. 1725–1759.
15. Research on the Risk Classification of Cruise Ship Fires Based on an Attention-Bp Neural Network / X. Zhenghua [et al.] // Polish Maritime Research. № 29 (3) P. 61–68. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2022-0026
16. Han Zhang. Numerical simulation of fire Incidents in ship compartments // Frontiers in Science and Engineering. № 3 (8). P. 53–59. DOI:https://doi.org/10.54691/fse.v3i8.5527
17. Jian He Zhao, Ye Gao, Hong Mei Wu Numerical simulation and research of pool fire suppressed by water mist in the engine room of a ship // Applied Mechanics and Materials. № 29–32. P. 651–657. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.29-32.651
18. Tolga Ayc, Barış Barlas, Aykut Ölçer. Fire safety analysis onboard passenger ships by using fire dynamics simulations: case study of a Turkish domestic passenger ship // Journal of ETA maritime science. 2024. № 2. P. 224–236. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4274/JEMS.2024.56514
19. Prognozirovanie opasnyh faktorov pozhara v pomeshchenii: ucheb. posobie / Yu.A. Koshmarov [i dr.]. M.: Akademiya GPS MCHS Rossii, 2000. 119 s.
