Russian Federation
The second stage of development of experimental methods for determination of flash and fire point covers the period from the 1920s to the 1980s. At the beginning of the last century, the most advanced devices and techniques for determining the flash point were already selected and legalized. There are the Abel, Abel-Pensky, Pensky-Martens Granier, Lushaire, Tag, Cleveland, Brenken, Marcusson and Treumann apparatuses. However, old naphtometers are used unofficially until the 30s of the 20th century. National standards on methods of determination of flash and fire temperature are emerging and being improved in phase II. By evolution, all the variety of instruments for determining the rate of flash and ignition (open, semi-closed and closed, open, semi-closed and closed steam apparatus, distillation testers) are reduced to two types of open and closed cups. But new methods (equilibrium, set-flash and continuous flow) and various designs of manual, semi-automatic and automatic instruments are emerging. The accumulated stock of experimental data for flash and fire point of liquids is reflected in the handbooks, which are used for fire safety. In the 60s–70s of the 20th century, a boundary is established between the flash point and the lower temperature flammability limit (lower flash point). Semi-closed type devices are considered.
flash point, fire point, device, apparatus, tester, naphtometer
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